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來源：http://www.xintli.net/ 日期：2024-05-10
如何進(jìn)行火災(zāi)預(yù)防？
How to carry out fire prevention?
一、火災(zāi)預(yù)防基本觀念
1、 Basic concepts of fire prevention
1.火的形成需要下列三個(gè)條件：即可燃物、空氣和火源，三者缺一即無法形成。
1. The formation of fire requires the following three conditions: combustibles, air, and fire source. If one of the three is missing, it cannot form.
2.對(duì)火災(zāi)撲救，通常采用窒息(隔絕空氣)，冷卻(降低溫度)和拆除(移去可燃物)等三種。
2. For firefighting, three methods are usually used: suffocation (isolating air), cooling (reducing temperature), and dismantling (removing combustibles).
二、火災(zāi)分類（GB/T4968-2008）
2、 Fire classification (GB/T4968-2008)
根據(jù)可燃物的類型和燃燒特性，火災(zāi)分為A、B、C、D、E、F六類。
According to the type and combustion characteristics of combustibles, fires are divided into six categories: A, B, C, D, E, and F.
（1）A類火災(zāi)：指固體物質(zhì)火災(zāi)。這種物質(zhì)通常具有有機(jī)物質(zhì)性質(zhì)，一般在燃燒時(shí)能產(chǎn)生灼熱的余燼。如木材、煤、棉、毛、麻、紙張等火災(zāi)。
(1) Class A fire: refers to a solid material fire. This substance usually has organic properties and can produce scorching ashes during combustion. Fires such as wood, coal, cotton, wool, hemp, paper, etc.
（2）B類火災(zāi)：指液體或可熔化的固體物質(zhì)火災(zāi)。如煤油、柴油、原油，甲醇、乙醇、瀝青、石蠟等火災(zāi)。
(2) Class B fire: refers to a fire caused by liquid or melted solid substances. Such as kerosene, diesel, crude oil, methanol, ethanol, asphalt, paraffin, and other fires.
（3）C類火災(zāi)：指氣體火災(zāi)。如煤氣、天然氣、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、氫氣等火災(zāi)。
(3) Class C fire: refers to gas fire. Such as coal gas, natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen, and other fires.
（4）D類火災(zāi)：指金屬火災(zāi)。如鉀、鈉、鎂、鋁鎂合金等火災(zāi)。
(4) Class D fire: refers to metal fires. Fire hazards such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum magnesium alloys, etc.
（5）E類火災(zāi)：帶電火災(zāi)。物體帶電燃燒的火災(zāi)。
(5) Class E fire: live fire. Fire caused by charged objects burning.
（6）F類火災(zāi)：烹飪器具內(nèi)的烹飪物（如動(dòng)植物油脂）火災(zāi)。
(6) Class F fire: Fire caused by cooking materials (such as animal and vegetable fats) inside cooking utensils.
三、火災(zāi)等級(jí)
3、 Fire level
根據(jù)2007年6月26日，公安部下發(fā)的《關(guān)于調(diào)整火災(zāi)等級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的通知》，新的火災(zāi)等級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由原來的特大火災(zāi)、重大火災(zāi)、一般火災(zāi)三個(gè)等級(jí)調(diào)整為特別重大火災(zāi)、重大火災(zāi)、較大火災(zāi)和一般火災(zāi)四個(gè)等級(jí)。
According to the Notice on Adjusting the Fire Level Standards issued by the Ministry of Public Security on June 26, 2007, the new fire level standards have been adjusted from the original three levels of major fires, major fires, and general fires to four levels: particularly major fires, major fires, major fires, and general fires.
（1）Ⅰ 特別重大火災(zāi)：指造成30人以上死亡，或者100人以上重傷，或者1億元以上直接財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的火災(zāi)。
(1) Special major fire: refers to a fire that causes more than 30 deaths, more than 100 serious injuries, or direct property damage of over 100 million yuan.
（2）Ⅱ 重大火災(zāi)：指造成10人以上30人以下死亡，或者50人以上100人以下重傷，或者5000萬元以上1億元以下直接財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的火災(zāi)。
(2) II Major fire: refers to a fire that causes 10 to 30 deaths, 50 to 100 serious injuries, or direct property damage of 50 million to 100 million yuan.
（3）Ⅲ 較大火災(zāi)：指造成3人以上10人以下死亡，或者10人以上50人以下重傷，或者1000萬元以上5000萬元以下直接財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的火災(zāi)。
(3) III Major fire: refers to a fire that causes 3 to 10 deaths, 10 to 50 serious injuries, or direct property damage of 10 to 50 million yuan.
（4）Ⅳ 一般火災(zāi)：指造成3人以下死亡，或者10人以下重傷，或者1000萬元以下直接財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的火災(zāi)。
(4) IV General fire: refers to a fire that causes less than 3 deaths, less than 10 serious injuries, or direct property damage of less than 10 million yuan.
四、滅火器的種類及常見的使用方法
4、 Types and common usage methods of fire extinguishers
滅火器在火災(zāi)預(yù)防中是一種十分重要的工具，是可由人力移動(dòng)的輕便滅火器具，它能在其內(nèi)部壓力作用下，將所充裝的滅火劑噴出，用來撲救火災(zāi)。滅火器種類繁多，其適用范圍也有所不同，只有正確選擇滅火器的類型，才能有效地?fù)渚炔煌N類的火災(zāi)，達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果。我國現(xiàn)行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將滅火器分為手提式滅火器（總重量不大于20kg）和車推式滅火器（總重量不大于40kg以上）。下面就人們經(jīng)常見到和接觸到手提式滅火器的分類、適用及使用方法作簡要的介紹。
Fire extinguisher is a very important tool in fire prevention, which is a portable fire extinguishing device that can be moved by manpower. It can spray the filled extinguishing agent under its internal pressure to extinguish fires. There are various types of fire extinguishers, and their applicability varies. Only by selecting the correct type of fire extinguisher can different types of fires be effectively extinguished and the expected results be achieved. The current national standard in our country divides fire extinguishers into portable fire extinguishers (with a total weight not exceeding 20kg) and wheeled fire extinguishers (with a total weight not exceeding 40kg). Below is a brief introduction to the classification, applicability, and usage methods of portable fire extinguishers that people often see and come into contact with.
（一）滅火器按充裝的滅火劑可分為五類
（1） Fire extinguishers can be classified into five categories based on the amount of fire extinguishing agent they are filled with
1．干粉類的滅火器。充裝的滅火劑主要有兩種，即碳酸氫鈉和磷酸銨鹽滅火劑。
1. Dry powder fire extinguishers. There are mainly two types of fire extinguishing agents filled, namely sodium bicarbonate and ammonium phosphate fire extinguishing agents.
2.二氧化碳滅火器。
2. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
3.泡沫型滅火器。
3. foam fire extinguisher.
4.水型滅火器。
4. Water type fire extinguishers.
5.鹵代烷型滅火器（俗稱“1211”滅火器和“1301”滅火器）。
5. Halogenated alkane type fire extinguishers (commonly known as "1211" fire extinguishers and "1301" fire extinguishers).
（二）滅火器按驅(qū)動(dòng)滅火器的壓力型式可分為三類
（2） Fire extinguishers can be divided into three categories based on the pressure type of the driving fire extinguisher
1.化學(xué)反應(yīng)式滅火器：滅火劑由滅火器內(nèi)化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的氣體壓力驅(qū)動(dòng)的滅火器。
1. Chemical reaction fire extinguisher: A fire extinguisher driven by the pressure of gas generated by chemical reactions inside the fire extinguisher.
2.貯氣式滅火器：滅火劑由滅火器上的貯氣瓶釋放的壓縮氣體的或液化氣體的壓力驅(qū)動(dòng)的滅火器。
2. Gas storage fire extinguisher: A fire extinguisher driven by the pressure of compressed gas or liquefied gas released from the gas storage cylinder on the fire extinguisher.
3.貯壓式滅火器：滅火劑由滅火器同一容器內(nèi)的壓縮氣體或滅火蒸氣的壓力驅(qū)動(dòng)的滅火器。
3. Pressure storage fire extinguisher: A fire extinguisher driven by the pressure of compressed gas or extinguishing vapor in the same container as the fire extinguisher.
（三）不同類型的火災(zāi)滅火器的選擇
（3） Selection of different types of fire extinguishers
1．干粉類的滅火器。又分碳酸氫鈉和磷酸銨鹽滅火劑。碳酸氫鈉滅火劑用于撲救B、C類火災(zāi)；磷酸銨鹽滅火劑用于撲救A、B、C、E類火災(zāi)。
1. Dry powder fire extinguishers. It is further divided into sodium bicarbonate and ammonium phosphate fire extinguishing agents. Sodium bicarbonate fire extinguishing agent is used to extinguish Class B and C fires; Ammonium phosphate fire extinguishing agents are used to extinguish Class A, B, C, and E fires.
2.二氧化碳滅火器：二氧化碳滅火器適用于撲救B、C、E類火災(zāi)，使用方法：a)拔出保險(xiǎn)插銷：b)握住喇叭噴嘴和閥門壓把；c)壓下壓把即受內(nèi)部高壓噴出。缺點(diǎn)：使用人員極易凍傷。
2. Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher: Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are suitable for extinguishing Class B, C, and E fires. Instructions for use: a) Pull out the safety pin; b) Hold the horn nozzle and valve handle; c) Pressing down on the handle will result in internal high-pressure spraying. Disadvantage: Users are highly susceptible to frostbite.
3.泡沫滅火器：適用AB類火災(zāi)，分為化學(xué)泡沫和機(jī)械泡沫兩種，其中化學(xué)泡沫使用時(shí)顛倒使用，現(xiàn)已淘汰，而機(jī)械泡沫使用方法同于粉滅火劑。缺點(diǎn)：造成污染，不可使用于C類火災(zāi)，每四個(gè)月檢查一次，藥劑一年更換。
3. foam extinguisher: It is applicable to Class AB fire and can be divided into chemical foam and mechanical foam. Chemical foam is used upside down and has been eliminated, while mechanical foam is used in the same way as powder extinguishing agent. Disadvantage: It causes pollution and cannot be used in Class C fires. It should be checked every four months and the chemicals should be replaced once a year.
4.清水滅火器：它適合滅A類火災(zāi)，不適合撲滅其它類火災(zāi)。采用拍擊法：先將清水滅火器直立放穩(wěn)，摘下保護(hù)帽，用手掌拍擊開啟杠頂端的凸頭，水流便會(huì)從噴嘴噴出。
4. Clear water fire extinguisher: It is most suitable for extinguishing Class A fires and not suitable for extinguishing other types of fires. Using the tapping method: First, place the clean water fire extinguisher upright and steady, remove the protective cap, and use the palm to tap the protruding head at the top of the opening rod, and the water will spray out from the nozzle.
5.鹵代烷型滅火器。撲救A、B、C、E類火災(zāi)。
5. Halogenated alkane type fire extinguishers. Extinguish Class A, B, C, and E fires.
（四）常見滅火器的使用方法
（4） Common usage methods of fire extinguishers
常用的手提式滅火器有三種：干粉滅火器、二氧化碳滅火器和手提式鹵代型滅火器，其中鹵代型滅火器由于對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)有影響，已不提倡使用。
There are three commonly used portable fire extinguishers: dry powder fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, and portable halogenated fire extinguishers. Among them, halogenated fire extinguishers are no longer recommended for use due to their impact on environmental protection.
1、不能顛倒使用；
1. Cannot be used upside down;
2、占據(jù)火勢(shì)上風(fēng)或側(cè)上風(fēng)方向；
2. Occupy the upwind or side windward direction of the fire;
3、保持適當(dāng)距離（一般4-5米，干粉2-3米）；
3. Maintain an appropriate distance (usually 4-5 meters, 2-3 meters for dry powder);
4、拔去保險(xiǎn)銷，一手握住開啟壓把，另一手緊握噴槍，用力捏緊開啟壓把；
4. Remove the safety pin, hold the opening handle with one hand and the spray gun with the other, and squeeze the opening handle tightly with force;
5、對(duì)準(zhǔn)火焰根部噴射；由遠(yuǎn)及近，水平噴射；
5. Spray at the base of the flame; Spray horizontally from far to near;
6、火焰未滅，不輕易放松壓把。
6. The flame is not extinguished, do not easily relax the pressure handle.
注意：二氧化碳滅火器使用時(shí)， 不能直接用手抓住喇叭筒外壁或金屬連線管， 防止手被凍傷。
Attention: When using carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, do not directly grab the outer wall of the horn or the metal connecting pipe with your hands to prevent frostbite.
（五）常見滅火器標(biāo)志的識(shí)別
（5） Identification of common fire extinguisher markings
滅火器銘牌常貼在筒身上或印刷在筒身上，并應(yīng)有下列內(nèi)容，在使用前應(yīng)詳細(xì)閱讀。
The nameplate of a fire extinguisher is often affixed or printed on the cylinder, and should include the following information. Before use, it should be carefully read.
1滅火器的名稱、型號(hào)和滅火劑類型。
1. The name, model, and type of extinguishing agent of the fire extinguisher.
2．滅火器的滅火種類和滅火級(jí)別。要特別注意的是，對(duì)不適應(yīng)的滅火種類，其用途代碼符號(hào)是被紅線劃過去的。
2. The type and level of fire extinguishing of the fire extinguisher. It should be noted that for unsuitable fire extinguishing types, their usage code symbols are marked with a red line.
3滅火器的使用溫度范圍。
The operating temperature range of 3 fire extinguishers.
4.滅火器驅(qū)動(dòng)器氣體名稱和數(shù)量。
4. Fire extinguisher driver gas name and quantity.
5.滅火器生產(chǎn)許可證編號(hào)或認(rèn)可標(biāo)記。
5. Fire extinguisher production license number or approval mark.
6.生產(chǎn)日期、制造廠家名稱。
6. Production date and manufacturer name.
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